The olive grove of the future: how to select the best materials for productivity… 95 Figure 8 – Soil parameter monitoringprobes (detail of the data logging and transmissionmodu le, equipped with a solar panel for power supply, and connection cables between the data acquisition unit and the sensors inserted into the soil); below, a graph generated by the sensors capable of measuring the levels of the N, P and K macronutrients throughout the 2025 growing season and nutritional analyses. Portable sensors—a porometer and a Dualex (Table 1)—were also used to measure stomatal conductance and chlorophyll a reflectance, respectively, in fully developed leaves from the current growing season. Monitoring of fruit development was based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy technology. Using this analytical tool, it is possible to rapidly determine the fat content and moisture content in dry matter (% Fat in Dry Matter - FDM) in olive paste. The use of sensors integrated into collaborative robotics has been driving a revolution in agricultural management by enabling, for example, the application of water and fertilisers precisely where they are needed. The combination of ground-based and aerial platforms, coupled with Artificial Intelligence, makes it possible to track the entire olive grove cycle – from tree pruning to olive ripening – with unprecedented precision. Continuous monitoring of variables relating to soil (water and nutrients), foliage (chlorophyll content) and fruits (% FDM) provides a comprehensive picture of the olive grove’s ‘health’. c)Advanced, innovative and digital technologies for the agro-industriaslector at EUROACE Another approach to new technologies has been the use of remote sensing techniques
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