128 CULTIVAR ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTIVE STUDIES No. 35 Olive groves and olive oil Figure 3 – Share of different production systems by area – main countries Source: International Olive Growing, 2018, Juan Vilar Consultores Estratégicos, S.L.; 2019 Agricultural Census, INE increases in olive oil production in Spain and Portugal, in contrast to Italy and Greece; the main producing countries are also those that consume the most olive oil per capita. The second chapter examines the development of the olive sector in Portugal over the last 20 years, using the variables of area, production, consumption, price and international trade as in the previous chapter, but also as defined by the UN – United Nations2 . In the first chapter, one can learn about the evolution of olive-growing area worldwide; the global distribution of olive-growing area, by country, by production purpose (olive oil or table olives) and by production system (traditional, vase and hedgerow); the evolution of olive oil production worldwide, by quality of oil produced (lampante, virgin and extra virgin); the evolution of table olive production worldwide; the evolution of olive oil consumption (and that of other vegetable oils) worldwide, by country and per capita; international trade in olive oil and olives; and the evolution of olive oil prices by quality. Some key findings from this chapter: half of the world’s olive-growing area is located in southern Europe (Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal); predominance of rain-fed production; predominance of traditional olive groves in the main producing countries with the exception of Portugal (47% in the vase system, see Figure 3 of the document, p.25, reproduced here); larger presenting information on irrigation, certification (PRODI and OF – Organic Farming) and the characteristics of olive mills. This chapter highlights a number of points: Portugal is the world’s seventh-largest producer and fourth-largest exporter of olive oil (according to the UN International Trade Database3 ; by 2024, Portugal was already the world’s thirdlargest exporter of olive oil and, according to FAO statistics4, the sixth-largest producer of olive oil worldwide); olive groves account for 9.5% of the UAA – Utilised Agricultural Area (and 43.8% of the area under permanent crops); 52.4% of the olive grove area is located in the Alentejo; 42 per cent of the Alentejo’s olive grove area is concentrated on holdings of over 100 ha; 41.1 per cent of the Alentejo’s olive grove area consists of vase olive groves, 30.6 per cent is traditional olive groves and 28.3 per cent is hedgerow olive groves; 95 per cent of the olive oil produced is extra virgin; Portugal ranks fourth in the world for per capita olive oil consumption (7.1 kg/capita). 2 “Sustainabledevelopmentis how we must live today if we want a bettertomorrow,by meetingpresentneedswithoutcompromisingthe chancesof future generations to meet their needs. The survival of our societies and our shared planet depends on a more sustainable world. It’sa bit of a jugglingact.Threedifferentballsmustbe keptin theair at once:economicgrowth,socialinclusion,andenvironmentapl rotection.If oneor two fallto theground,theactis over.Aneconomymightgrowrapidly,forinstance– butonlyforso longif mostpeopleremainpoorandall thenaturalresources are used up. Where developmentis sustainable,everyonehas access to decentwork, qualityhealth care and education.Naturalresourceuse avoids pollutionand permanent losses to the environment. Public policy choices ensure that no one is left behind due to disadvantages or discrimination." Source: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2023/08/what-is-sustainable-development/ 3 UN Comtrade Database: https://comtradeplus.un.org/TradeFlow 4 FAO – Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations – FAOStat: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
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