In a rapidly changing sector, the olive industry faces a dilemma: whether to focus exclusively on international varieties optimised for mechanisation or to rediscover the potential of national varieties. The answer may lie in striking a balance between the two. The full mechanisation of olive groves and the climatic conditions prevailing in Portugal, which favour the development of diseases in the canopy and on the fruit, are two major factors limiting the productivity and profitability of olive farms. The use of sensor technologies and the comparative analysis of multisensory data is fundamental to understanding the behaviour of plant material under adverse conditions, enabling the precise assessment of the crop’s water and nutritional requirements. Furthermore, this continuous flow of information constitutes an essential database for the training and programming of Artificial Intelligence algorithms applied to agricultural management. Bibliography Inês, C., Campos, J., Lima, C., Pragana, J., Cordeiro, A.M. (2022). The rhythms of the reproductive cycle in olive varieties. Vida Rural, October 2022: 58–64. Manuelito, C. (2024). Evaluation of sensors applied to leaf reflectance for sustainable fertilisation in olive groves. [Master’s thesis, Elvas Higher Agricultural School]. Retrieved from Repositório Comum: https://comum.rcaap.pt/entities/publication/51bc22330cdc-4fd2-b4e-5-557225ed6a3f Manuelito, C., Deus, J. d., Damásio, M., Leitão, A., Conceição, L. A., Arias-Calderón, R., Inês, C., Cordeiro, A. M., Fernandes, E., Albino, L., Barbosa, M., Fonseca, F., & Silvestre, J. (2025). Multi-Sensor Comparison for Nutritional Diagnosis in Olive Plants: A Machine Learning Approach. Applied Biosciences, 4(3), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci4030032 Ministry of Agriculture and the Sea. (2015). National Plan for Plant Genetic Resources. Lisbon: National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV, I.P.). https://www.iniav.pt/images/INIAV/organica/BPGV/pnrgv _web.pdf Veloso, A., Sempiterno, C., Calouro, F., Rebelo, F., Pedra, F., Castro, I., Gonçalves, M., Marcelo, M., Pereira, P., Fareleira, P., Jordão, P., Mano, R., Fernandes, R. (2022). Crop Fertilisation Manual. Retrieved from INIAV: https://www.iniav.pt/images/publicacoes/livrosmanuais/Manual_Fertilizacao_das_culturas.pdf 98 CULTIVAR ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTIVE STUDIES No. 35 Olive groves and olive oil
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