international penetration is still limited, which highlights significant scope for growth, particularly in markets with high purchasing power, where traceability, origin and sensory quality are key purchasing decision factors … quality products allow for price increases of 10 to 30 per cent, although their international penetration is still limited, which highlights significant scope for growth… improved access to land. Similarly, it is essential to strengthen differentiation strategies based on quality, origin and sustainability, alongside the technological modernisation of traditional olive groves through adapted (Sayadi et al., 2017; Erraach and Sayadi, 2020; CAPADR, 2025). Similarly, organic olive groves have seen remarkable growth in recent decades: Spain has more than 250,000 hectares of such groves, of which approximately 60–65 per cent are located in Andalusia, positioning it as a world mechanisation and digitalisation. Finally, the strengthening of the circular bioeconomy as a means of income diversification, alongside public policies aimed at creating value at source leader in this production system (Rodríguez Sousa et al., 2020; Sayadi et al., 2024). Organic production accounts for around 10% of the Finally, the circular bioeconomy is emerging as a strategic pillar for the sector… and the reduction of price volatility and the promotion of multifunctional production models will be crucial to improving the competitiveness, sustainability national total, driven by growing demand for sustainable and healthy products (Sayadi and Bertuglia, 2025), although its production costs are 20–30% higher, which requires adequate market valuation. Finally, the circular bioeconomy is emerging as a strategic pillar for the sector (Cátedra Cerón et al., 2024; Sayadi et al., 2025), as it enables the recovery of between 4 and 5 million tonnes of by-products annually (greywater, olive pomace, prunings, leaves, stones and wastewater), of which less than 30–40% are currently utilised in an advanced manner. Biorefineries offer opportunities to generate bioenergy, biofertilisers and bioactive compounds with high added value, in an expanding market for phenolic compounds (>7–8% per year), with potential increases in profitability of 10–25%. However, their development requires overcoming technological, regulatory and scale barriers by encouraging innovation and public-private cooperation. Taken together, these challenges highlight the need to move towards greater integration of the sector through larger, market-oriented cooperatives, as well as to foster professionalisation and generational renewal specific incentives and and resilience of the Spanish olive sector. Acknowledgements IFAPA runs an extensive research and experimentation programme in the olive sector, funded by projects AVA23.INV2023.016, TRA23.TRA2023.003, AVA23.INV2023.202301.039, 80% of which is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), under the Andalusia Operational Programme 2021–2027, and the ECOMERCA project (PEIT:IDF2023028.002), 85 per cent of which is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund. Bibliography AEMET (2023). Regionalised climate change scenarios for Spain based on global and regional models https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/ cambio_climat Carmona-Torres, C.; Parra-López, C., Sayadi, S.; Reina-Usuga, L., 2023. Abandonment factors and alternatives in sloping olive growing: The case of Andalusia, Spain. Land Use Policy Volume 132, September, 106836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106836 Cátedra Cerón, M.; Capote, C.; Lasarte López, J.; Gurria Albusac, P.; M'barek, R.; Ortiz Gutiérrez, E.; Arguelles Hernández, M.; Sayadi Gmada, S.; 2024. MONOGRAPH: 46 CULTIVAR ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTIVE STUDIES No. 35 Olive groves and olive oil
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