Olive grove by-products as a strategic resource 101 Figure 3 – Application of compost using a tractor and spreader Source: INOVCIRCOLIVE Project Monitoring of the composting process included regular checks on temperature, moisture content and the state of degradation of the organic matter, enabling adjustments to be made to management practices, such as turning the heaps and, where necessary, correcting the moisture content. The results obtained demonstrated the production of stable composts with physico-chemical characteristics suitable for agricultural use. One of the most significant findings was the substantial reduction in the content of phenolic compounds throughout the composting process, a key factor in minimising potential phytotoxic effects associated with the direct application of certain olive grove byproducts. The application of the compost in field trials revealed consistent increases in soil organic matter content, as well as improvements in soil structure, porosity and water-holding capacity. These effects are particularly relevant in Mediterranean contexts, where soil degradation and water scarcity constitute major constraints on agricultural production. For a more efficient use tailored to the needs of crops, it is also important to characterise the final compost and the soil prior to application. Carrying out analyses allows application rates and methods to be adapted to the specific conditions of each plot, promoting more rational nutrient management and preventing imbalances in the soil-plant system. In addition to the agronomic benefits, composting has proved to be an economically viable solution, helping to reduce costs associated with surplus management and lessen dependence on mineral fertilisers. Its implementation also contributes to the local utilisation of resources, promoting closed nutrient cycles within the farm. Direct applicatoi n: opportunities and limitations The direct application of by-products to the soil was also analysed as a complementary valorisation strategy. Wet olive bagasse demonstrated potential for incorporation into the soil as a source of organic matter, contributing to the improvement of the physical and chemical properties of the soil. However, its largescale use is constrained by technical and logistical factors. Among the main limitations, the need for specific equipment for its distribution and storage management stand out, given its high moisture content and the seasonal nature of its production. It is also important to consider the time lag between the period of pomace production and the conditions most favourable for its application to the soil, which may require interim storage or pretreatment solutions. With regard to the leaves resulting from olive harvesting, the results indicate the possibility of utilising them in permanent crops, such as vineyards, where they act as a source of organic matter and contribute to soil protection. However, their application faces limitations in terms of uniform distribution and the operational capabilities of the available equipment. In this context, it is particularly important to carry out preliminary analyses of both the materials to be applied and the target soils.
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